Analysis Of The Poem Albee - 1520 Words

such as â€Å"amazing† and â€Å"extraordinary,†Albee highlights the feelings associated with having sexual relations with a goat and Martin’s satisfaction is clearly conveyed to readers. Also, he suggests that being with Sylvia made him feel a new and unique way, which illustrates that it is the missing component to the happiness in his life. Therefore, the goat symbolizes the missing piece in Martin’s life and the inner desires and fantasies in the American Dream. Albee uses the goat as a symbol to express the American Dream from a unique perspective. The American Dream is often thought to be the â€Å"white picket fence life,† so when Albee uses the goat to symbolize the American Dream, he generates entertainment and interest in readers because of it’s unusual representation. Also, having the goat represent inner desires and fantasies appeals to the audience through pathos because of the humorous idea. Without the use of a goat as symbolis m, Albee’s argument would not be as strong because to readers, his play would only appear to be about having sexual relations with a goat. By using symbols, Albee strengthens his argument because he is able to depict the role of inner desires and fantasies in the American Dream. Although both authors use symbolism, they differ in how they suggest money influences the American Dream. Thompson claims that money solves problems. To support his claim, Thompson uses the strategy of exemplification to express the power of money in Las Vegas. He uses anShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of the Illusion and the Truth with the Depression of Human Beingthrough on Psychoanalysis Theory onâ€Å"Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?† by Edward Albee2738 Words   |  11 PagesAn Analysis of the Illusion and the Truth WITH THE DEPRESSION OF Human BEINGthrough on Psychoanalysis theory Onâ€Å"WHO’S AFRAID OF VIRGINIA WOOLF?† by edward albee    Chapter I INTRODUCTION    1. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Background of the Study Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? was a play work by Edward Albee. It was produced in New York in 1962. Actually, this era is the transition of  modernism into postmodernism that using the absurdist paradigm in order to break the rules of modernism and found a new era.Read MoreAugust Wilson3685 Words   |  15 Pagesin America.2 His list of awards contains tittles such as: the McKnight, Bush, Rockefeller and Guggenheim Fellowships, the Drama Desk Awards, and the Chicago Tribunes Artist of the Year. He has received several New York Circle Awards, the Edward Albee Last Frontier Playwright Award, the Whiting Foundation Award, and the Jerome Fellowship. His play Fences was the first play in 30 years to win all of the major awards. In 1984, Wilson was invited to join the New Dramatists, which, founded in 1949,Read MoreAlice Malsenior6001 Words   |  25 Pages Alice Walker’s writing career would surge in the 1970’s with the publishing of her first novel, The Third L ife of Grange Copeland (Smith, Jessie). The predominant issues and themes of her writings were civil rights based. Many of her stories and poems focus on rape, sexism, racism, violence, segregation and relationship problems. It would later be openly announced that Alice Walker had a bi-sexual orientation (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). In 1973, Alice Walker joined Ms. MagazineRead MoreQuestions On Semantics And Pragmatics8833 Words   |  36 Pageswhich usually refers to a type of drama which dominated West-European literature between the years 1940-1960 and is most often associated with the names of famous writers, Samuel Beckett, Eugene Ionesco, Jean Genet, Harold Pinter, Tom Stoppard, Edward Albee, Arthur Adamov, Fernando Arrabal, Friedrich Durrenmatt, Witold Gombrowicz, Slawomir, Mrozak, Vaclav Havel and many other less famous playwrights , however as many chacterization of genre attempts to encompass its abstract relation and phenomena, this

Lowering the Risk of Spreading HIV - 1269 Words

Feedback: 1) Do I need to add more to my options section? I have thought about adding a needle exchange program but I already know that this paper leads towards controversial and want to stick with more neutral programs/options. 2) I just want to make sure I am laying out the landscape section accurately, and that I am providing the right information. Are some parts too detailed? Executive Summary HIV, also known as the human immunodeficiency virus, can have diminishing effects on the body’s immune system. Unlike other viruses, such as the flu, the body cannot get rid of HIV. This virus attacks T-cells (T-cells play a huge role in cell immunity), and replicates itself among the attacked T-cells. When too many of the cells have been attacked, and the body can longer fight infection, the HIV infection can then transform into AIDS. (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome) Risks that can lead to having HIV include sexual activity, drug use, blood transfusion and pregnancy. Prisons hold a huge risk to inmates, and have many high risk behaviors including unprotected sexual activity, and intravenous drug use. More than 2 million people in the United States are incarcerated in federal prisons and local jails. In 2008, 20,449 state prisoners and 1,538 federal prisoners, a total of 21, 987 male and female prisoners were reported to be living with HIV or AIDS (CDC) In other states, steps have been taken to reduce HIV risks. In 2013, California approved a plan that would allow condomsShow MoreRelatedRecreational Drugs Essay1047 Words   |  5 Pagesaddicted. Addicted would lead to lot other problems and sickness. Using recreational drugs through sharing of needles would spread diseases like HIV/AIDS and hepatitis. Making the recreational drugs legal would do more good to the poplution as a whole. Making it legal would means loss of profit for the drug lord and drug cartel. Which would lead to lowering the crime rate. Making it legal would means the recreational drugs are regulated and the user knows what it contains which would lead to less harmRead MoreHIV and AIDS: The Epidemic Essay example1640 Words   |  7 PagesHIV and AIDS have affected millions of people throughout the world. Since 1981, there have been 25 million deaths due to AIDS involving men, women, and children. Presently there are 40 million people living with HIV and AIDS arou nd the world and two million die each year from AIDS related illnesses. The Center for Disease Control estimates that one-third of the one million Americans living with HIV are not aware that they have it. The earliest known case of HIV was in 1959. It was discovered in aRead MoreDevastation and Disease in Africa1502 Words   |  7 PagesAfrica, overpopulation is such an immense concern because of diseases, like HIV and AIDS, that spread more effortlessly due to the close living environments overpopulation creates. In Sub-Saharan Africa there is a high percentage of people with HIV or AID because the close living quarters cause many diseases like HIV and AIDS to spread more rapidly. In certain areas of Africa â€Å"[more] than two-thirds of all people infected with HIV live [in Sub-Saharan Africa.]† (â€Å"Infectious Diseases†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). With the populationRead MoreCoconut Oil1612 Words   |  7 Pagesrelevant? It’s important because our bodies respond and meta bolize each fatty acid differently. The MCFA found in coconut oil makes it special because these fatty acids don’t have a negative effect on cholesterol. In fact, they’re known to lower the risk of heart disease and atherosclerosis. There are only few dietary sources of MCFA, and one of the best sources by far is coconut oil. The liver and gall bladder don’t need to digest and emulsify MCFA, resulting in instant energy, increased metabolicRead MoreLimitations Of Acquiring Data On Hiv1783 Words   |  8 PagesLimitations in Acquiring Data The current data surrounding HIV rates in transgender women are inadequate for several reasons. First, due to an unequal number of studies from each country, the international data reports are merely estimates and are most likely not generalizable to all transgender populations across the world. Next, the sampling methods that have been used, may have resulted in an oversampling of transgender women who are sex workers as these specific populations tend to congregateRead MoreHiv / Aids Is The Most Powerful Weapon1824 Words   |  8 Pagesfixing global issues, like HIV/AIDS, then why do many continents, such as Africa, not use education as an ethical way to break the cycle of serious health epidemics? 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Cultivating an Equal Opportunity Society Free Essays

Question: Do you think cultivating an equal opportunity society has helped countries such as South Africa and America to move forward? In a carefully worded essay, show why this is the case or why it is not. The equity act was implemented after apartheid in South Africa and America in order to force businesses to hire disadvantaged groups in order to amend the imbalance apartheid created in the economy. The equity act is very much needed in a country where racism led to a minority group being developed. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultivating an Equal Opportunity Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now In my opinion the equity act has a very important role in reinstating a sense of believe in a better future. There is no point in telling a minority group they are free to do anything but then not force the majority group to allow this. The majority group could go on refusing to hire minority groups, still harbouring a racist view. You cannot expect people to instantly change their long standing views of discrimination and overnight start hiring different races and genders. It is a slow process and education, trust and forgiveness are not easily acquired. Here the equity act aims to force people to accept the change and move forward letting go of discrimination. Now in South Africa I believe the equity act has allowed our country to move away from formal apartheid and into a time where the focus on race and gender has become bigger than ever. Today when you apply for an education, bursary or job your race and gender is a major deciding factor for the recruiter or employer. By law in South Africa if you have a business that employs more than 50 people you have to comply with the regulations and rules set out in Employment Equity act, this is also known as Black Economic Empowerment(BEE) and should you not achieve the desired level of BEE status your business can be fined. The higher your BEE status the more likely you are to win government contracts ensuring higher paid jobs for your business. Because of the need for a BEE status, employers’ criteria for hiring staff have shifted from capabilities and merit to race and gender. An employer will much rather hire a staff member that will ensure the business a hire BEE status than hire a staff member that will not increase his status or even worse lead to him to being fined. Even though the latter staff member may be more qualified than the first staff member the employer will gain more funs with a less capable employee than with a highly skilled employee of the wrong race or gender. Because the employer is now forced to hire less skilled workers his more skilled workers have to work harder to make up for the employees who cannot perform the duties. This leads to feeling of hatred and discrimination among employees. Companies may also struggle to find people of a certain group that is qualified to perform a task and so leave the company under staffed and not capable of providing a service or product. This situation leads to not only a drop in quality of services and products but these businesses also receive more work as winning a contract is purely based on what race and gender works for you. Companies have moved from wanting to provide top quality services and products to wanting the correct race and gender to work for them. Your standard of work is no longer important, just what you look like. How is that a move forward from focusing on skin colour? Disadvantage groups now have more opportunities available to them now but your race, gender, family tradition and religion greatly influence your worldview and interests. For this reason many economic sectors lack the people required to meet BEE status. I interviewed a director of a security company in my home town and he had this to say about the equity act. Mr Smith runs a private security company in Cape Town and employs 150 security guards. He only has a level 2 BEE status. Mr Smith explained to me that due to the nature of the tasks required in his company, male employees are more attracted to the job. In order to comply with the employment equity act he has to hire a certain percentage of people from previously disadvantaged groups. Unfortunately these people lack the funds required to be educated as security guards. Mr Smith has to pay for these people to be educated costing his company a large amount every year and he can also only afford to educate a certain amount of people of the required race, leaving his company understaffed. For example say he has to employ 20 Indians but can only afford to educate 10 Indians. He is not allowed to hire 10 staff members from another group and thus leaving his company understaffed by 10 people. He also has problems finding females to hire as security is not viewed as a job suited for females. For this reason his BEE status is very low and he has almost no chance in acquiring large government contracts needed to grow his business not even mentioning being under staffed. If he doesn’t comply with BEE he will be fined and in order to comply with BEE he has to pay to educate the proper race. It is a vicious cycle and is created from an act looking at empowering our country. In this situation all the act is doing is decreasing job opportunities as implementing this act becomes too costly for small businesses. Trough BEE many disadvantaged groups have been receiving job positions they are not qualified for. Under skilled people are being made directors of companies purely to increase BEE status and thus increase contracts for the company. These directors often still harbour a feeling of oppression and revenge. Many disadvantaged people believe the â€Å"whites† owe them everything after apartheid and when these people are then put in power they ignore the regulation of the equity act. They want revenge for their suffering and will only favour their race or gender. Due to the lack of monitoring the implementation of the equity act, many companies are never fined for not complying with the act. There are companies playing by the rules and suffering and there are companies ignoring the rules, favouring their â€Å"own† in the job market and bribing their way to the top. We are now seeing companies with a majority of one race being born creating more hatred among groups. This goes for previously disadvantaged groups and advantaged groups. When your race and gender becomes a criterion for employment victimization will always be a factor. Before the equity act you where hired based on merit, sure disadvantaged groups didn’t even stand a chance as their access to education where restricted but being hired based on your label is fuelling blame and discrimination now more than ever. Not only is the act exaggerating the very problem it seeks to solve it is now giving people a valid criteria and reason for discrimination. People will always seek to blame and point out differences among themselves, this act just allows the differences among people to be taken more seriously. I have heard many times people say,† he was only hired because they need more black people,† or â€Å"She only won because she is a women and they need to have a female win so they can keep their government sponsorship. It is a really sad situation to be in when you no longer have to do your best to achieve success but can achieve success by purely applying to a company or university that is short on filling their BEE criteria. Not only is this a bad thing for skilled people who are losing jobs based on race but it is detrimental to skilled people being hired in suitable positions all while there, they are being frowned upon. I can definitely see the equity act as necessary in our country. It is vital for educating the majority about the minority and vice versa. It is important for empowering en providing confidence in oppressed groups. It can eliminate the stereotypes of a white man’s job or a black ladies’ job. Society can grow so much from being pushed to integrate our relationships with other groups and us as a country can rectify our differences but unfortunately this act has illuminated our differences and used it as its very criteria for success. We are moving backwards and our standard of service and quality of products are dropping. Businesses are suffering and the people who do strive for excellence are stepping back in order to favour an attitude of â€Å"the world owes me everything†. The people are not ready for such an act. Our focus on difference and our â€Å"revenge† attitudes are over shadowing our goal of working as one. I don’t expect people to forget about apartheid, its effects will still be felt for many years, but I do believe if we can realise that we all do have a chance at an equal opportunity for success, we can create an economy fuelled by one goal, a brighter future for all. Unfortunately right now we are slipping into reverse creating a world worse than before. How to cite Cultivating an Equal Opportunity Society, Papers

Use of Ethical Theories in Nursing for Patients- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theUse of Ethical Theories in Nursing for Patients. Answer: Professional nursing may be defined as the duty of the nurses to provide protection to patients thereby promoting and optimizing their health and abilities to survive and lead a proper quality life. They have the duty to prevent any kind of illness as well as injury along with correct initiatives to alleviate their sufferings (Wanger Dahnke, 2015). These are mainly conducted through proper diagnosis, different treatment of human response as well as through advocacy in the care of the patients, families and also communities and populations. Therefore nurses of the present generation follow a set of key elements that guide them through their profession to practice not only competently but also with integrity. These set of guidelines which help them to follow rules and responsibilities of their nursing profession is called the ethical guidelines (Felzmann, 2017). Ethics help nurses to provide care irrespective of their ages, economic status, citizenship, disability, sexual orientation and others by following a proper ethical framework that helps nurses to practice their professions with the best outcomes, maintain patient rights, stay away from legal obligations, and overcome ethical dilemma and others (Hamric et al., 2015). Two of the most ethical theories which are often found useful in guiding the decisions of the nurses when they face issues in decision making or when they suffer from ethical dilemma are Utilitarianism/ Consequentialism and principlism. The essay will fist discuss about the two theories which would be followed by a detailed discussion of its weakness and strength. Consequentialism may be defined as the result based ethics theory which states that among all the different actions taken by nurses in different situations during their care for their patients, one those will be considered morally right action which will have the best overall outcomes. Many of the researchers are of the opinion that this theory is based on two important principles (Hewitt, 2017). The first one is that whether an act would be considered right or wrong will entirely depend on the outcome of the act which will in turn describe the status of the action. Secondly, it also incorporated focus of the concept that better the consequences an act produces the better or more appropriate the act would be. This has been incorporated in the theories which nurses follow when they face ethical dilemma. It mainly helps the nurse to pick up these actions which they foresee to bring the most beneficial outcome when a set of actions are available to them as options to be taken for the pa tient (Casali Day, 2015). Thereby this theory ultimately gives a good notion to be adopted by nurses in their practice that individuals should live in such a way so that they can maximize good consequences. Different forms of consequentialism have been stated by researchers over times which are utilitarianism and hedonism (Ivanov Oden, 2013). While hedonism can be described as the guiding principles which state that humans should maximize actions which ensure human pleasure. The other is the utilitarianism which has been widely used by nurses when they face issues in decision making. This states that nurses should perform any activities which would help in maximizing human welfare as well as well being. Many researchers have defined the topic of utilitarianism as the ethical theory which says that a choice is ethically right in a particular given situation only when it produces the most happiness as well as the least unhappiness for a largest number of people. It is one of the mos t accepted ethical theories as it is based on the human behavioral concept that every human beings with stable mental conditions would take up the decisions to carry out activities by trying to far sight the consequences beforehand (Scott, 2017). Those activities they feel to being the best benefit are selected and the rest are rejected. The similar ideas are also adapted by nurses in their practices as they need to only perform those treatments to the patient which bring the best outcome and patient safety. For this they often need to continually upgrade themselves with continuous professional development to be knowledgeable about the current evidence based practices and implement them in their own care. Another ethical theory which needs to be used by the nursing professionals while planning care for the patient is the principlism. This theory mainly comprises of five important principles which each and every nurse should incorporate in their practices to be ethically, morally and legally right in her approaches. The first one is the maintenance of autonomy and dignity (Beauchamp, 2016). It states that every patient has the right to self determinations which means that they have the right to take decisions of their own lives without nurses interfering or pressuring them to change their decisions even though it brings out positive or negative outcomes. The next principle within this theory is the principle of justice. This theory states that every nursing professional should provide care and allocate resources to patients in terms of fairness, need and equality. They should provide care irrespective of the caste, creed, religion and social economic status of the patients so that they all can get equal importance and care from the healthcare centers (McCarthy et al., 2016). The third principle is called the beneficence which guides nurse to pick up those treatment plans which are the safest and would bring the best care for the patients. This principle ensures that the care plan selected would bring good to the patient and would have the least chances of the occurrences of errors (Casali Day, 2015). The fourth principle is the principle of non maleficence which states that the care that is to be provided for the patients should bring no harm to the patients. It should be such that it would bring no suffering to the patient. The last principle would be called the confidentiality and privacy maintenance of the patients (Byrd Winklestein, 2014). Privacy is the maintenance of information which an individuals wants to keep for himself only unless he desires to share this with anyone else. Confidentiality means the sharing of the information within a closed number o f individuals where the information shared should not pass onto others abroad (McCarthy et al., 2016). The nurse should not share any information which is not wanted by the patients to be shared. Breach in these principles may lead the nurses in legal obligation (McCarthy et al., 2016). The main strengths of these ethical theories are that they help the nurses as guidebooks when they face any issues in making decisions while choosing the best care for the patients. While utilitarianism is helpful in making the nurse go for the evidence based practice which she had found to be highly recommended in most numbers by the researchers over the years (reading newly published journal articles to get knowledge about the best care strategy which can be applied for the patient) (Hauck, Winsett Kuric, 2013). By this, she should be assured that she had applied the best intervention which would bring out the best benefits to the patient which would in turn help the patient to lead a much better life by minimizing pain and maximizing the happiness and peace of the patient (Dinc, 2015). Moreover, anther of its strength is its simplicity as it does not require the acceptance of any prior beliefs above the nature of any religion. Rather its moral discussions and explanations are acc epted by people in all nations. An example of a case study can be provided. A patient in a drunken state was taken to the hospital where he was suffering from chest pain. Seeing the necessity of the situation, nurse acted quickly and conducted tests to see whether he had any myocardial infarction since it had the highest chance. This quick action as well as proper critical reasoning of the nurse helped her identify the situation and provide the right interventions which saved his life thereby doing the greatest good to the patient. The main weakness of this utilitarianism theory is that its effectivity depends on the results of the actions rather than providing interest to the real intentions of the professionals. This does not pay importance to the morals and the feelings with which an individual is applying the interventions (Langan et al., 2017). This is said so as it might happen that the nurse had provided the best evidence based care for the patient with the true feeling of saving the patient. However, the action might not have positive impacts on the patient for which an adverse situation occurred. All these would result in being judgmental about the nurses when her morals were true and rights (Silva, Sorell Fletcher, 2014). This results in unethical complain against her which might affect her confidence and career. This theory does not support the integrity and moral responsibility of the moral actions which makes it, its weakness. One case can be depicted. An aggressive patient was admitted with stoma ch pain that was at a greater risk of self harm as stated by the family members. Therefore for his greater good, the nurse applied restraint to protect him from harming himself. However, in attempt to get freed from it, he bruised himself which resulted in negative impact. Although the nurses morale was to save the patient, yet she was criticized. The main strength of the principlism is that it helps the nursing professionals to follow important aspects which they need to combine together to provide a comprehensive care. The first principle of autonomy and dignity helps the nurse to provide utmost freedom to the patients to choose what they want to decide regarding their treatment which help the nurse to keep the patient happy. It also helps the nurse to keep herself free form any legal obligations (Jons, Mitchell Milligan, 2016). The other principles of beneficence and non-maleficence help the nurse in choosing the correct interventions which would reduce pain for the patients and will increase their chances of well being. Moreover providing justice by giving equal care to all helps the low socio-economic people or unprivileged classes of people to get better care thereby reflecting values and feeling of humanity in their approach. All these help the nurses to provide an ethical care that increases the well being of patients and develops their trust on healthcare (Wagner Dahnke, 2015). Moreover maintenance of privacy and confidentiality also helps to prevent the patients from being victimized in adverse crimes by perpetrators and thereby helps them form protecting patients from the hands of criminals or those who want to provide harm to patients. Comprehensive approaches are therefore much helpful for maintaining case with certain rules and ethical guidelines. A case can be depicted here. A patient was admitted who was aged and did not wanted to go for surgery for her arthritis but this surgery was wanted by her family members. However, the professionals did not conduct the surgery due to her request which kept her happy. This principle therefore helps in maintaining human rights. The main weakness observed in the principlism theory is that often the different principle clash among them while providing comprehensive care makes the nurses confused about how to approach for care. Certain explanations can be made to understand with the help of case studies. Often there are cases where conflicts take place between the principles of autonomy and the nurses perceptions of maintaining beneficence. There are often cases where decisions of the patients either does not allow the nurses to provide the ethics of beneficence in the care plans or does not even support her to treat the patients (Monrouxe, shaw Rees, 2017). A case can be depicted here. Here, a patient who loses their will to live requests for withdrawal of medications and treatment to them as they no longer wants to survive. However, in such situation a nurse who is supposed to provide safe practice and care to patients to ensure their well being is torn between two principles of autonomy and beneficence and cannot understand what to choose. Ethical dilemmas make them feel stressed mentally. Moreover nurses also tend to lose confidence on their skills and decisions making ability which impacts their care on patients. They also tend to lose job satisfaction when such issues occur frequently. Moreover, nurses also face issues with justice as they also are not allocated with enough resources of that they can provide Equal care to all who cannot afford to pay for the treatments. Orders for the higher hierarchy to meet profits by restricting resource allocation make it hard to practice justice for all people by the nurses. Another case study can be depicted here. In a case, patient tries to conceal his information from his family members or from his friends due to his own personal reasons or others. In such cases, family members of friends are not known about the patients information which increases their concerns and stresses them. Moreover they also become inquisitive about the patients ( Langan et al., 2017). In, certain cases they lodge legal complaints when the patients expires or faces more adverse situation where they cannot reveal that it was their own decisions to keep the information private. In such condition, nurses have to suffer a lot as legal and ethical obligations entangle her in various adverse outcomes hat affect her career and working morale. In such cases, the principle act as negative aspects and affect smooth healthcare. From the entire discussion above, it is seen that utilitarianism which is a part of the consent is one of the most important theory that guides nurse to select interventions which brings the best outcomes among all available options. This principle has strengths as this makes the patient get the care which is of highest benefit to him. However, this approach does not consider the morale and good feelings and dedication of the nurses if the outcomes are not positive. This affects the nurses feelings and they develop job dissatisfaction as some times their best efforts may not bring positive results. This might act against the nurses career goals and motivation. Another theory is that of principlism which has five important principles of autonomy, beneficence, non maleficence, justice and privacy. However, although they help to provide nurses with effective framework for developing their decisions while providing care, these principles cause ethical dilemmas in many circumstances. Thes e mainly arise when the values of each principle scales with one another. Therefore a nurse has to develop expertise in her fields to help her critically analyze the situations and apply the correct ethical guidelines to provide the best suitable care for patients. References: Beauchamp, T. L. (2016). Principlism in Bioethics. InBioethical Decision Making and Argumentation(pp. 1-16). Springer International Publishing. Byrd, G. D., Winkelstein, P. (2014). A comparative analysis of moral principles and behavioral norms in eight ethical codes relevant to health sciences librarianship, medical informatics, and the health professions.Journal of the Medical Library Association: JMLA,102(4), 247. Casali, G. L., Day, G. E. (2015). A taxonomic approach to understanding managerial ethical decision-making approaches of clinically and non-clinically trained healthcare managers in Australia.Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management,10(3), SI8. Din, L. (2015). Implementation and Evaluation of a Nursing Ethics Course at Turkish Doctoral Nursing Programs.Journal of Academic Ethics,13(4), 375-387. Felzmann, H. (2017). Utilitarianism as an Approach to Ethical Decision Making in Health Care. InKey Concepts and Issues in Nursing Ethics(pp. 29-41). Springer International Publishing. Hamric, A. B., Arras, J. D., Mohrmann, M. E. (2015). Must we be courageous?.Hastings Center Report,45(3), 33-40. Hauck, S., Winsett, R. P., Kuric, J. (2013). Leadership facilitation strategies to establish evidence?based practice in an acute care hospital.Journal of advanced nursing,69(3), 664-674. Hewitt, J. (2017). Just healthcare and human flourishing: Why resource allocation is not just enough.Nursing Ethics, 0969733017707010. Ivanov, L. L., Oden, T. L. (2013). Public health nursing, ethics and human rights.Public Health Nursing,30(3), 231-238. Jones, J., Mitchell, M., Milligan, E. (2016). Caring for one and allExploring ethical challenges in an ICU.Australian Critical Care,29(3), 129-131. Langan, J. C., Lavin, R., Wolgast, K. A., Veenema, T. G. (2017). Education for developing and sustaining a health care workforce for disaster readiness.Nursing administration quarterly,41(2), 118-127. McCarthy, B., McCarthy, J., Trace, A., Grace, P. (2016). Addressing ethical concerns arising in nursing and midwifery students reflective assignments.Nursing ethics, 0969733016674767. McCarthy, B., McCarthy, J., Trace, A., Grace, P. (2016). Addressing ethical concerns arising in nursing and midwifery students reflective assignments.Nursing ethics, 0969733016674767. Monrouxe, L., Shaw, M., Rees, C. (2017). Antecedents and Consequences of Medical Students Moral Decision Making during Professionalism Dilemmas.AMA Journal of Ethics,19(6), 568. Scott, P. A. (Ed.). (2017).Key Concepts and Issues in Nursing Ethics. Springer. Silva, M. C., Sorrell, J. M., Fletcher, J. J. (2014). Influences on Health Care Delivery and Nursing.Foundations of Nursing in the Community-E-Book: Community-Oriented Practice, 51. Wagner, J. M., Dahnke, M. D. (2015). Nursing ethics and disaster triage: Applying utilitarian ethical theory.Journal of Emergency Nursing,41(4), 300-306. Wagner, J. M., Dahnke, M. D. (2015). Nursing ethics and disaster triage: Applying utilitarian ethical theory.Journal of Emergency Nursing,41(4), 300-306.

Canadas Declining Health Care System And The Brain Drain Essays

Canadas Declining Health Care System And The Brain Drain Canada's Declining Health Care System and the Brain Drain Canada's government-funded health care system in under attack. Despite the mandate of the Canada health act, which was meant to assure universality, comprehensiveness, equitable access, public administration and portability of our health care system, (Braithwaite 17), Canadians today make the issue of health care their most important political concern. One of the biggest crises the Canadian health care system faces is for strange reasons not in the spotlight when debating the issues, that is the brain drain-Canada losing highly skilled physicians and health care workers to other countries like the U.S. It is time to look at solutions to reverse this popular trend among doctors. A privately funded health care system can rejuvenate health related research in Canada and virtually eliminate the brain drain. By addressing today health care problems, examining what lures our workers to other countries, and applying economic models, a theory to today's problems can be answered. Canada's health care concerns are primarily the result of federal and provincial cutbacks in an effort to eliminate the deficit (Gordon 1). Under the restructuring, governments have provided less money to the system resulting in hospital closures, lack of hospital beds, and operating rooms, cancellation or reduction of programs and restriction on the availability of new medical technologies (Gordon 3). All these have resulted in limiting the service provided by physicians to their patients. A similar situation exists with respect to physicians in the research community. Talented, world-class Canadian scientists have been faced shrinking government funding for basic and clinical research. Among the G-7 nations, Canada ranks last in per capita spending for health research. Japan, France, the U.S. and the U.K. all spend between 1.5 and 3.5 times more than Canada does (Bannister 77). It is clear to see that many issues must be addressed to keep our doctors north of the border. Evidence of the physician brain drain in Canada is plentiful. Data from the Canadian Institute for health information (CIHI) shows that there has been a 130per cent increase, which is more than double, the net loss of doctors that went to work abroad from 1991-1996, mostly going to the states. In 1996 alone, 513 Canadian physicians (net) that left Canada represent the annual output of approximately five Canadian medical schools (Buske 158). The loss of each single physician represents a loss of a major Canadian investment in a highly educated, skilled practitioner who otherwise could have contributed to the overall health and well being of Canadians in their respective communities, and whose future research could have proved to serve the country as a whole. But with much higher salaries and larger funding for research, it is hardly the doctors' fault. The brain drain is not confined to physicians. Doctors represent only one quarter of health workers who made the move to the states in 1996, with nurses making up the majority (Buske 158). It is clear that Canada's health care needs more funding at all levels, and the only way to accomplish this goal is to open new money streams into the system to counter the impact of diminishing funding. One answer to the problem is to have a privately funded health care system, which would let Canada keep doctor salaries competitive and provide additional resources to the system, including selling our services to U.S. patients. Although privatization of health care scares many citizens, especially those with little to no income, a publicly funded system with a private tier could alleviate their worries and benefit all Canadians. With an added source of revenue, the economics behind this model is simple: as the price of salaries goes up, the population of doctors and nurses in Canada rises as well. If the demand for doctors in Canada rises, which seems to be the case, then the government must do something to increase the supply as well, in order for the market to stay in equilibrium. The closer to equilibrium means fewer waiting lists for medical attention and better health care overall, which are aspects that we just cannot afford to overlook or relax at the expense of other Canadian health and social issues. Increased revenue through some

Free Essays on The Crucible

The Tony Award winning play, The Crucible, was written by the famous playwright, Arthur Miller. He wrote of the Salem Witch Trials in colonial Massachusetts paralleling it to McCarthyism that took place in the United States during the 1950s. In this play Miller brings the reader or viewer to the Puritan New England town of Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. Here we meet dozens of characters pleading for their lives and confessing to sins never committed. Miller shows us how the working class was treated and is still treated today. Arthur Miller was born in New York City on October 17, 1915. He was the son of Jewish immigrant parents. Miller grew up in Brooklyn then moved to Michigan in 1934 to enroll in the University of Michigan. At the University he spent much of his time learning to write and began working on a number of greatly established plays. He graduated in four years and returned to New York where he worked as a freelance writer. (PBS.org) In 1944 his first play, " The Man Who Had All the Luck", received horrible reviews. Only two years after, his second play, "All my Sons", was very successful. Miller began to work on the third of his major plays because of the paranoia and intolerance that aroused post-war. "The Crucible", clearly directed toward the McCarthyism of the early 1950s, was set in Salem during the witch-hunts of the late 17th century. This play expanded Miller's voice and concerns for the well being of the working class. "The Crucible" deals with extraordinary tragedy in ordinary lives. Within three years of writing this play, Miller was called before the House Committee on Un-American Activities. Miller was convicted of contempt of Congress for not cooperating with them. During this difficult time of his life, Miller ended his short and rocky marriage with actress Marilyn Monroe. (PBS.org) More than any other working playwright today, Arthur Miller has devoted himself to work and write for the w... Free Essays on The Crucible Free Essays on The Crucible The following paper will discuss the play The Crucible by Arthur Miller. The Crucible is a depiction of the event, which occurred in Salem in 1692 also known as the â€Å"witch trails.† I will give a brief summary of the play and discuss the differences of the work as it was portrayed as a written play, movie and on Broadway. The play was written in 1953 and story relates to the McCarthy trials. During the 1950's Senator Joseph McCarthy accused many American leaders of being communists. This led to many unfounded accusations that people were communists. Some people believed him because they were fearful of communism and he played on their fears. McCarthy was, in effect, conducting "witch hunts". If you opposed the Salem Witch trials you were accused of being a witch. If you opposed the McCarthy investigations you were accused of being a communist. The play takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. Abigail and some of the young girls are dancing in the woods. They conjure up spirits while dancing naked and they are discovered by Reverend Parris. This leads the people of the town to believe the girls are witches. Reverend Parris calls in Reverend Hale as an expert witness. He at first believes they are witches. To save themselves the girls accuse other women of the town of being witches. This leads to trials of these women with the girls as the jury. Abigail worked for John Proctor and his wife Elizabeth. John Proctor had an affair with Abigail. Elizabeth knows of the affair and dismisses Abigail from there home. Mary Warren now works for them and is one of the girls that was found dancing in the wood. After a long day at court she comes home and gives Elizabeth a poppet. Abigail then accuses Elizabeth Proctor of being a witch. The poppet is found in the Proctor's house and this lead them to believe Elizabeth is a witch. This comes to be because earlier Abigail was fo... Free Essays on The Crucible In Arthur Miller’s, â€Å"The Crucible,† many themes are expressed throughout the play. Themes are the undertone of the story. A theme of a book usually sets the mood and describes what is happening during the time that the story is written. â€Å"The Crucible† has many themes that show how everything was and how everyone acted in the year of 1692, in Salem, Massachusetts. Mass hysteria is the most obvious theme in the story. Mass hysteria is represented everywhere trouble was. One example is at the end of act one when the girls are screaming, crying, and starting to accuse people of being with the devil. When this happens, everyone gets scared and calls the marshal. The marshal begins to arrest people and brings them to court. The whole reason mass hysteria broke out is because of Abigail. One vengeful accusation from Abigail to her rival, Elizabeth Proctor, turns the whole village upside down. This confusion and madness is one of the main reasons so many lives were taken at the trials. This becomes a place where reasonable human beings can become released in an environment that allows little opportunity for relaxing. Another theme during the play is how much religion ruled these peoples lives. The court was the main ruling body of justice and was run by the church. The concept of justice in 1692 is shown when Arthur Miller dedicates the entire third act to the courtroom. Abigail pressures the girls to lie in court in order to accuse everyone that they didn’t get along with of witchcraft. The separation of church and government didn’t exist in 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts. Theocracy meant that Massachusetts was to be governed by God's laws. But this mixing up of the laws of God and the laws of government set up the chaos of the Salem witch trials. Greed and revenge was another major aspect that was shown in the story. Several characters find profit in this mass hysteria and try to change some events for their own needs and we ll-be... Free Essays on The Crucible Ruined Lives in the Scarlet Letter Once someone has committed a sin, consequences soon follow which may result in a life being ruined. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s book, The Scarlet Letter, several sins are committed causing many character’s lives to be shattered, and will effect them for the rest of their lives. The Puritan belief of evil being a nature of mankind, and that its unavoidable is clear in this novel. Once the evil act, or sin, has been committed, one must suffer accordingly. Hester Prynne has committed one of the worst sins possible, adultery, and suffers from this all her life. However, it was uncontrollable because she was unable to stop her desire for Dimmesdale. She was sent to New England alone from her husband, Chillingworth, and had no idea if he was still alive once hearing of him being captured by Indians in North America. However, she doesn’t use this as an excuse and deals with the humiliation of wearing the letter â€Å"A† for adultery being described as, â€Å"embroidered and illuminated upon her bosom† (Hawthorne 49). The scarlet letter is what isolates her from everyone else because it symbolizes sin causing her to alienate herself from the community. She lives alone with her child, and soon starts to look at how the society is built upon ma n being the superior sex. She has to live with the sin of adultery and knows that she must raise her child in an unfair environment because of the act she had committed in her life. Pearl’s life was unfairly ruined hence being brought into the world by her sinful parents. She was nothing but an innocent child who had to deal with being accused of sin and evil. â€Å"Pearl was a born outcast of the infantile world†¦ the whole peculiarity, in short, of her position in respect to other children.† (Hawthorne 86). She was not accepted from the Puritan society, but children as well, are reluctant to accept her into their â€Å"normal† lifestyles. This secludes her f... Free Essays on The Crucible THE CRUCIBLE by Andrew Lawrence The witch trials in Salem, Massachusetts in the early sixteen hundreds was a time of uneasiness and suspicion. Anyone could easily turn in his or her neighbor on the ground of witchcraft. Someone could merely say their neighbor's spirit had attacked them during the night, which no man can prove. Nevertheless, as a God-fearing community, they could not think of denying the evidence, because to deny the existence of Evil is to deny the existence of Goodness, which is God. The most important scene in the play was act two, scene three, where John Proctor is able to talk with his wife, Elizabeth, one last time. He decides that he will "confess" to the crime of witchcraft, thereby avoiding being hung. However, to accept what he said, the judge also requires him to sign a written confession which states that he confessed to the crime of witchcraft. Judge Danforth would post it on the church door, to use Proctor as an example to get other people to confess. That upset Proctor greatly, becaus e people would look down on him with disdain, and it would blacken forever his name. What was most important to him was to make a stand against the insanity of the town, for himself and for God, and using that as a last resort to make people aware of what was happening. This last stand for righteousness is an example of proctor's great character and rationale. Arthur Miller wrote his play, The Crucible, a story about the Salem witch trials, and the panic resulting from it, as an allegory to show people the insanity of the McCarthy hearings. He wrote it as an allegory so that, if tried by McCarthy, he could say, "it's just a play about the witch trials in Salem. How do you get this communist idea from it?" The story illustrates how people react to mass hysteria, created by a person or group of people desiring fame, as people did during the McCarthy hearings. Arthur Miller, acting as a great visionary, warned us that if we did... Free Essays on The Crucible What If What if Abigail's parents had not been murdered by Indians? In Act One of The Crucible Abigail threatens the other girls involved by telling them the story of her parents’ death. Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. And you know I can do it; I saw Indians smash my dear parents' heads on the pillow next to mine, and I have seen some reddish work done at night, and I can make you wish you had never seen the sun go down! Abigail uses this information to threaten Mary Warren, Mercy, Betty, and the other girls involved. Abigail must have experienced severe trauma after her parents’ murder. This kind of experience can cause someone to act different than normal and cause them to be vengeful toward others. If Abigail had never experienced the death of her parents she may have never felt compelled to have the love of an older married man. If Abby had not needed Proctor’s love the girls would not have been in the woods trying to kill Elizabeth Proctor. Abigail lies without shame, threatens without fear, and thinks of nothing of sticking a needle two inches into her own belly in order to bring about the murder of Elizabeth Proctor. Out of the many repercussions on Abigail caused by the murder of her parents the most important is that she uses it as a threat to the other young girls. Abigail uses it to become the leader and the bully. During the witch trials she is the girls' leader, bringing them into the court and presiding over their "torments." In Act III, John Proctor convinced Mary Warren to go to the court and confess. Not even John Proctor's great strength can keep Mary from breaking under the stress of being "cried out" by Abigail and the other girls. Mary's more afraid of Abigail than anything, even the fact that "God damns all liars," and this fear fully ... Free Essays on The Crucible In the past, the word Salem has always been somewhat synonymous with the infamous witch trials. Thanks to works such as Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible†, many people find it hard not to envision a community torn apart by chaos, even though Miller’s play was not so much about the witch trials but instead a commentary on the rampant McCarthyism going on at the time he wrote it. Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, however, see a very different picture when the Salem witch trials are mentioned. Rather than overlook the â€Å"ordinary† people living in the towns in which they write about (in the case of Salem Possessed, the town of Salem, Massachusetts), they instead take the instance of the witch trials of 1692 and springboard from them into a detailed inquisition into the entire history of the small village of Salem; or, in their own words, Boyer and Nissenbaum have â€Å"exploited the focal events of 1692 somewhat as a stranger might make use of a lightni ng flash in the night: better to observe the contours of the landscape which it chances to illuminate† (xii). That is to say, the authors strive to show how the witch trials were not simply a completely spontaneous event, but rather a long, horrible process by which individuals were singled out, tried, and executed in order to vent emotions of hostility towards change. The way in which the authors go about this, however, is in a somewhat difficult to comprehend style that goes back and forth between the years, forcing one to rethink all the facts thus far each time a new chapter is introduced. In addition, the authors tend to focus mostly on the social and economic aspects of witchcraft, with little to nothing as far as further explanation of the actions of the women accused. In the year 1692, the small farming village of Salem, Massachusetts saw a social phenomenon that would propel the village into the history books: the calamity that was witchcraft. The witch trials were in itiated w... Free Essays on The Crucible The Tony Award winning play, The Crucible, was written by the famous playwright, Arthur Miller. He wrote of the Salem Witch Trials in colonial Massachusetts paralleling it to McCarthyism that took place in the United States during the 1950s. In this play Miller brings the reader or viewer to the Puritan New England town of Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. Here we meet dozens of characters pleading for their lives and confessing to sins never committed. Miller shows us how the working class was treated and is still treated today. Arthur Miller was born in New York City on October 17, 1915. He was the son of Jewish immigrant parents. Miller grew up in Brooklyn then moved to Michigan in 1934 to enroll in the University of Michigan. At the University he spent much of his time learning to write and began working on a number of greatly established plays. He graduated in four years and returned to New York where he worked as a freelance writer. (PBS.org) In 1944 his first play, " The Man Who Had All the Luck", received horrible reviews. Only two years after, his second play, "All my Sons", was very successful. Miller began to work on the third of his major plays because of the paranoia and intolerance that aroused post-war. "The Crucible", clearly directed toward the McCarthyism of the early 1950s, was set in Salem during the witch-hunts of the late 17th century. This play expanded Miller's voice and concerns for the well being of the working class. "The Crucible" deals with extraordinary tragedy in ordinary lives. Within three years of writing this play, Miller was called before the House Committee on Un-American Activities. Miller was convicted of contempt of Congress for not cooperating with them. During this difficult time of his life, Miller ended his short and rocky marriage with actress Marilyn Monroe. (PBS.org) More than any other working playwright today, Arthur Miller has devoted himself to work and write for the w... Free Essays on The Crucible Abigail's Guilt "To vice, innocence must always seem only a superior kind of chicanery." Ouida (1839-1908) In The Crucible Abigail committed the greatest of crimes. She destroyed the reputations of many and killed many as well. She influenced others to her evil way and killed out of greed. She managed to get away with her life without even a question of guilt, and as the hysteria of witchcraft grew in Salem she did not fear anyone. She was in control over the town and ran it with fear of death. Her magic wand's spell was the simple accusation of witchcraft. Her power lied in the fact that judges believed her, and all the girls followed her. She was guilty of murder by lying to court, having an affair with a married man, and accusing simply for greed. Abigail lied to the courts on numerous occasions. "No, I cannot, I cannot stop my mouth; it's God's work I do." (Abigail 115) At this point she is trying to prove to the court that she is being bewitched. If she was bewitched, why would it be happening in court? The accused obviously would not want to prove her guilt in front of a judge with an edgy finger for signing death certificates. Also, Abigail lied to get some backing on her accusations by accusing two of the worst ladies in town of witches, as well as a black slave from Barbados. This was very believable, as these women held no social rank among the town. This has been a common way throughout history to get support for individuals and groups. The Nazi party in Germany accused Jews of all their economic woes. It gained backing among the party as they looked for blame, and Nazis gained from it power. Abigail is a skillful liar and a quality enemy. Abigail purposely hurt herself for evidence in court. "I have been hurt†¦I have seen my blood runnin' out! I have been near to murdered everyday because I done my duty pointing out the Devil's people." (Abigail 108) She was very good about pinning guilt on others and the fact that she was... Free Essays on The Crucible The Crucible In the world today, there are a lot of which-hunts. Not witch-hunts like there are real witches, but there are other things that can be called a with-hunt. For example, the Red Scare, which involved McCarthy. He went around trying to call everyone communists; that is an example of witch-hunt. This play is a great example because many people do this and they don’t know it because it happens everyday. This brings me back to Arthur Millers The Crucible, because everyone would go around and accuse people of being a witch. Abigail, Danforth, and Parris were the main people accusing everyone of being a witch that led to many deaths. Abigail Williams was the most evil person of all in the play. She was very dissembling because she always lied or tried to accuse people of being a witch and also she envied Elizabeth because she kicked her out of the house for sleeping with John Proctor. She wanted Elizabeth to die so she accused her of being a witch. Elizabeth cared about no one. She loved John but he didn’t love her so she accused him of being a warlock. Elizabeth also stole 31 pounds from her own stepfather Parris and ran away with it. Abigail led to most of the hangings, but she can’t take all the blame because Danforth had a role in it also. Danforth was an up-tight person that had a major impact on the lives of many people in the play. He was so proud and stubborn when they begged him to release the pole he had previously thrown in jail. He told them that they must pay. Danforth out so many people in jail that the kids that were left behind were made orphans and cattle wondered around. The jails were so packed with innocent people it started to make the town mad. Danforth was so proud of his job and he wanted all the people in the jail to be hanged because he thought he was right. Danforth was a bad person in the play, but Parris was equally as bad. Parris, a hateful person in his middle forties, thought h... Free Essays on The Crucible The Crucible†, written by Arthur Miller in 1953, is a play set in the time of the Salem Witch Trials. Corruption and scandal lie within the town people, willing to turn on their neighbor in an instant. The story follows from the time the first witch, Abigail Williams, was accused, to the very end with the hanging of the accused witch John Proctor. Abigail is spotted in the woods with her friends, dancing around a fire naked. To save herself from doing something considered of the devil in this town of theocracy and strong Puritanism, she and her friends make up an elaborate story of how they were possessed by their slave, Tituba, by her witchcraft. Elaborate lists of all other witches who have possessed them are made, and the town goes into hysteria, accusing more and more of witchcraft. Underlying all this is revenge and jealousy. Abigail, once a servant to the Proctor home, was discovered to be having an affair by John Proctor’s wife, Elizabeth Proctor. Immediately Abig ail accuses her of witchcraft, showing to those who know just how vengeful she is. Abigail also accuses John Proctor. During his trial, he admits he had an affair with the girl and explains her motives. However, he is not believed and is given the choice of admitting to witchcraft and listing others who have also participated in this sin, or death. John, being virtuous in name, will not sign away his life or the life of his friends, and the end of the play results in his hanging. Through Proctor, Miller shows the death of individuality comes from a tight knit community. When the community becomes to fail in any way, economically, politically, or religiously, the people in town begin to suffer. In â€Å"The Crucible†, mass hysteria is produced by a simple rumor and consequently the townspeople begin to turn on their own neighbors, accusing them of witchcraft. The play shows the key to survival is your sense of individuality. The town of Salem is a very close knit Pu... Free Essays on The Crucible In the early 1950’s there was an outcry of communism in the United States known as the McCarthy Era. Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed that there was a communist conspiracy with the federal government and accused people of being communists. The idea of accusing people of being communists spread and many people were imprisoned, lost their jobs, and even their lives. During the same time, Arthur Miller wrote a play â€Å"THE CRUCIBLE† which parallels the Salem witch trials to the McCarthy communist hearings. The theme of the book is that in order for humanity to prosper and survive personal integrity must be maintained. The people of Salem believed that they are the â€Å"chosen people† so when things go wrong it is easiest for them to accuse the antichrist. Reverend John Hale who is a specialist on the topic of witches is called to Salem to rid them of Lucifer. Throughout the book Hale changed from a man who valued truth and righteousness to a man who believes tha t all life has intrinsic value. When Hale’s expertise was called on at the beginning of the play to get to the bottom of the peoples unrest, his main goal was to seek the truth. Hale being called to Salem was â€Å"A beloved errand for him†(32). Hale realized he was the only one nearby with the special knowledge, and being the only one with the knowledge gave him power, and he likes power. He had the power to make people hang on to his every word. His knowledge made it hard for people to question him. Hale’s confidence in his expertise helped calm the town, â€Å"Have no fear now. I mean to crush him utterly† (39). Hale has no doubt that he will be able to deal with the Lucifer crisis. He confidently plans to find Lucifer and put an end to him as well. Hale assertively questions Tituba asking if â€Å" When the devil comes does he ever come with another person?† (45). Without Tituba even bringing anyone into the accusation Rev. Hale is positive there are others. He persuades ... Free Essays on The Crucible In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the small town of Salem is engulfed in hysteria due to the accusations of children that many of the townspeople partook in witchcraft. Among the accused is John Proctor, a strong, steadfast farmer. John Proctor fulfills the requirements of a â€Å"tragic hero† by his actions throughout the story. His â€Å"tragic hero† status is illustrated by his efforts to save his wife from being put to death, his attempt to prove the children are making fraudulent claims, and his unwillingness to confess to practicing witchcraft when accused. Proctor is a tragic hero in his efforts to save his wife. Proctor’s first display of trying to save his wife is shown when the Court officials come to take Elizabeth away. Proctor is so infuriated by this assault on his house that he rips the warrant and tells them to leave rather forcefully saying, â€Å"Damn the Deputy Governor! Out of my house!†(77), demonstrating his intense love for his wife. Proctor shows signs of being a tragic hero when he attempts to go into court to save his wife and prove the girls liars. However, he ends up being accused himself. Mary Warren is in court testifying when she suddenly breaks down â€Å" hysterically, pointing at Proctor, fearful of him: My name, he want my name. ‘I’ll murder you,’ he says, ‘if my wife hands! We must go and over throw the court,’ he says†... â€Å" [Proctor] wake me every night, his eyes were like coals and his fingers claw my neck and I sign, I sign†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (119). Thus John Proctor fails in trying to rescue his wife from the clutches of the false accusers; instead he falls prey to them. Proctor establishes that the children are lying in court with respect to their accusations of the townspeople. Proctor first learns of this through his household servant, Mary Warren who is one of the accusers. Proctor deducts from the events that Mary Warren and Abigail, the lead conspirator, are in cahoots ...

Climate Change Policy in a Globalizing World Essay - 1

Climate Change Policy in a Globalizing World - Essay Example According to the 4th assessment report, there is proof that Africa is warming quicker than the global average, and it is likely to persist. It is projected that by 2100, temperature changes will drop in ranges of about 1.4 to almost 5.8ËšC rise in mean surface temperature contrasted to 1900, and around 10 to 90cm increase in mean sea level. This warming is most over the heart of semi-arid boundaries of the Sahara also central southern Africa. Before the atmospheric amount of carbon dioxide equivalent has multiplied by two, the worlds mean precipitation is anticipated to be around 1-5 % more than 1900. Under the least warming situation, equatorial east Africa will have rainfall increase by 5-20 % during December, January as well as February and diminish by 5-10 % during June, July also August (Schreuder, 2009, p.39).Agricultural production with foodstuff security in most areas of Africa is likely to be strictly compromised by climate change, as well as climate variability. Climate c hange will deteriorate the water stress presently faced by some nations; while some of those nations, presently not at risk of water stress, will be affected. Changes in an array of ecosystems are by now being noticed faster than expected, mainly in the Southern African environments. Climate change and unpredictability could also lead to the flooding of low lying lands, comprising coastal settlements. Human health could also be more negatively affected by climate change with climate variability, for instance, there has been a rise in the frequency of malaria in southern Africa as well as East African highlands. These unfavorable effects together with poverty, institutional frameworks and Poor policy, cause Africa to be one of the most susceptible continents to climate change as well as climate variability.

The environmental effects on rasing children Essay

The environmental effects on rasing children - Essay Example The maltreatment may involve physical and emotional abuse, experiencing domestic violence, sexual harassment, or abandonment that exposes children to significant physical or emotional stress. Ideally, the frequency and severity of the maltreatment, age of child, and the relationship between the child and the offender defines the social and academic effect of the maltreatment on the child (Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2014). The maltreatment can cause trauma that jeopardizes brain development and hinders attachment and interpersonal relationships between the caregiver and the child thus affecting the childrens social life (Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2014). Maltreatment leads to learning and cognitive problems that fosters poor academic achievement among the victimized children since it also affects the areas of speech and language (Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2014). Maltreatment also leads to numerous mental health problems like depression, post-tra umatic stress disorder, and anxiety that have adverse effects on childrens social life. Such children cannot establish and maintain positive relationships with caregivers or other children since they develop behavioral problems. Children that are subject to maltreatment can also inflict pain on others and develop aggressive and violent behaviors that limit their social life (Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2014). Single parent families also effects childrens social and academic life. Single parent families involve families led solely by either a man or woman. However, most single parent families are single-mother families. Apparently, children in single parent families experience less parental supervision compared to children in two-parent households, which leads to significant social and academic effects (Yarber & Sharp, 2010). Single parents depict less involvement in monitoring their children’s social and school activities. As a result, such

Cost eficiency of Opaque Network System, Transient Network System and Research Paper

Cost eficiency of Opaque Network System, Transient Network System and Translucent network system of Mesh Optical Network System - Research Paper Example However, service providers require low cost network to optimize profit. This paper analyzes installation cost of opaque networking system, transparent networking and translucent networking systems as types of optical mesh networks. To examine Optical mesh network types and analyze their installation cost effective factor one needs to base observation on the following basic network service providers concern for a core optical mesh. Cheap network elements that will not cost the operator a lot in procuring and installing or that needs less re-engineering. Non-proprietary constrained network utilities, option of buying from different vendors Scalability with low footing expense Service assurance with capacity and redundancy Fault detection and management beyond installation Transparent network This Optical network sends signal from source to destination in form of light path. The optical information is passed through optical switch and routers from the initial generator to final destinat ion. The wavelength doesn’t undergo optic-electric conversion (O/E), client network element like a router will interface by use of long haul optics to communicate with the wavelength division multiplexer, making it to remain in the same wavelength. Meaning the information remains in optical domain (OOO) and there is no optical-electronic-optical (OEO) conversion, only a small switching fabric is needed to interconnect the wavelength division multiplexers and client element nodes. Remaining in optical domain creates a simple node architecture at its intermediate switch nodes since no electronic switching fabrics is needed to access wave division multiplexers (WDM), this saves cost and space. It employs nodes like directionless / colorless Reconfigurable Optical Add Drop Multiplexers (ROADM) or Optical Cross Connects (OXC). It is also easy to carry out an upgrade of such a network because of insensitivity of data rate change and protocol of light channel. Transparent network ca n also employ another cost effective architecture switch that may include a single large fabric instead of multiple switch matrices of small port counts but this also contributes negatively on lack of flexibility. However it has draw backs. According to Boullet and Ellinas, â€Å"if one is to provide flexibility, such an architecture design would require the use of tunable lasers at the clients and wavelength conversion. Since signal from client remain on the same wavelength when there is no wavelength conversion only a small size switch fabric is needed to interconnect the WDMs and NEs in a node, which translates to switch scalability† (Boullet & Ellinas, p. 5). Inflexibility leads to increased band width and network operational cost. This negates the saving advantage. Transparent networks needs a centralized planning of each link, this is because of disjoint links since no conversion of the wavelength occurs creating a network of n, where n is the number of WDM channels. Th is builds a network for unrestricted routing and redundancy capacity sharing involving only optical but would lead to increased bandwidth and network cost. On regeneration

Israeli Air Force Experience In Bekaa Valley War

Israeli Air Force Experience In Bekaa Valley War 1. The whole world argues whether the fighting between Israel, PLO and Syrians during Beckaa Valley war should be seen as WAR or just one more tragic surge in violence in the decades-long struggle between Israel and the Palestinians/Arabs. However, the war fought by the three parties has a great impact on a lot of aspects such as technology, strategy and the method used to conduct the war. This paper studies the war in term of lessons learnt in modern air battle with central focus on Electronic Warfare (EW), phases of changes in Israelis tactic and capabilities and implication of the war on todays modern air battle in term of training, intelligent, surprise, command control and communication (C3) and electronic combat. This also will help readers to have better and in-depth understanding on how Electronic warfare can be employed effectively and the importance of certain strategy assets for a nation to defend its self in future war or conflict. RMAF air power doctrine defined the role of RMAF during war. Roles played by the Israelis Air Force (IAF) during Beckka Valley war will enable readers to have better understanding of RMAF roles during war. AIM 2. This aim of the paper is to study Israeli Air Force experience in Bekaa Valley war in term of application of modern air power and its relevant lessons to Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF). In doing so, this paper pays particular attention to employment of Electronic Warfare (EW) during the war and its relations to roles of RMAF. BACKGROUND 4. On 6 June 1982, Israel defense Force invaded Lebanon in a campaign which, would become the most controversial military action in Israels history. Operation Peace for Galilee or known as Beckaa Valley War was launched to meet five Israelis national strategy goals  [1]  : a. Eliminate the PLO threat to Israels northern border. b. Destroy the PLO infrastructure in Lebanon. c. Remove Syrian military presence in the Bekaa Valley. d. Create a stable Lebanese government. 5. The Israelis population consists of Jewish who practice the religion of Judaism while the Arabs on the other hand practice Islam as their religions. According to their bible (Tanakh) the Jewish were told that they will defeat their enemies and take control of this land no matter who is the enemy. In Koran the Islamic bible the Arabs also was promised the same land. In 1948, when the Jews formed the State of Israel, the conflict between Arabs and Israelis started and they have fought continuously throughout history  [2]  . 6. Lebanon a country comprises of two major religion groups Catholic and Muslims. It was part of Syria before the French separate it 1861. The Catholic wanted a pro western government; however the Muslim wanted a government based on Islam. In 1926 the Lebanese leaders came to a power sharing agreement that the President should be a Catholic while the Prime Minister a Sunni  [3]  . 7. People Liberation Organization (PLO) was established in Jerusalem in 1964, with main Objective to destroy the Israel and gain complete control of Palestine. In Lebanon, the PLO created State within a state gained the support of Muslim population and declared the constitutions of power sharing agreement as obsolete. They collected their own taxes, funded its own school and organized a military that able to challenge Israelis northern border  [4]  . 8. The study of Bekaa Valley war must understand why the Israelis invaded. One of the main reasons for the Invasion was, PLO shelling of northern Israel from the end of 1973 till 1982. During this period PLO manages to launch 1,548 rocket attacks and killing almost 103 people. Usually, the Israelis responded with air raid, border raid and counter shelling as preventive measures. In 1978, Israelis started to lose patient on PLO as a result of failures of their preventive measure. March 1978, Israelis launched Operation Litani with purpose of driving the PLO north of Litani River in Lebanon and create a 25 KM buffer zone. The purpose of this buffer zone was the have an area of free PLO so that they could not launch any rocket attack  [5]  . 9. United Nation manages to pressure and forced the Israel to withdraw and replaced by its own force. The aim of UN was to maintain peace within the buffer zone and reestablishes the Lebanese government. However, the peace did not last long when the PLO starting to take control and began to continue their attacks on northern Israel borders. On 3rd June 1982, Shlomo Argov Israelis ambassador to the United Kingdom was shot by terrorist. The Israelis who needed a reason blamed the PLO and at 1100 on 6 Jun 1982 the Israelis defense force launched operation Peace for Galilee  [6]  . RESEARCH QUESTION 10. The following question is examined while doing this paper: a. What are the key factors to success of Israelis Air Force (IAF)? b. What type off assets employed by the IAF to achieve success? c. What strategy used to cripple the PLO and Syrian by IAF? LITERATURE REVIEW INVASION PLANS 11. Israel Defense Force (IDF) planning for an invasion of Lebanon began in 1978. The lessons learned from the operation Litani formed the basis of the Pine Tree plan. The invasion plan comprised of three alternative plans. The first plan called for an invasion 40 kilometers into Lebanon. Its purpose was to destroy the PLO in the south and their ability to terrorize northern Israeli settlements  [7]  . 12. The second plan was a more ambitious version of the first. The IDF would advance as far north as the vicinity of Beirut. The advantage of this plan was that it would include the PLO training and operational base at Damour, some 12 kilometers south of Beirut  [8]  . 13. The third and most ambitious plan, called Big Pines, included war against both the PLO and the Syrians. This plan called for the seizing of Lebanese territory including Beirut. Civilian leadership generally favored the first plan. However, Defense Minister Sharon and some high-ranking military leaders favored the larger war of the third plan. The plan that was officially approved remains in question  [9]  . COMBAT CAPABILITY 14. Apart from planning the invasion the Israelis also started developing their assets as preparation for the invasion. Even though, Israelis dependent heavily on American technology. However, they manage to develop their own technology. The table bellows show the development of IAF assets from 1973 to 1982 (source the military balance 1973 and 1982). Manpower 1973 1982 Reqular 15,000 30,000 Reserve 20,000 37,000 Equipment 1973 1982 Combat aircraft 488 634 F-4E Phantom 95 138 Mirrage III 35 24 A-4 Skyhawk 160 174 F-15 40 F-16 74 Kfir 160 SAM 10 Hawk bty 15 Hawk bty Table 1: Israelis rapid development of assets from 1973 to 1982 RMAF ROLES 15. Air Power is defined as the ability to project military force in air or from flatform or missiles operating above the surface nation RMAF primary mission is to defend the sovereignty and integrity of the nation and its interests through the proper and effective use of aerospace power. In order to carry out this mission RMAF define its roles in air power doctrine so that employment of assets and manpower can be utilize to the fullest in war  [10]  . 16. RMAF air strategies fall essentially into four broad roles  [11]  : a. Counter Air role. b. Force Application role. c. Force Enhancement role. d. Force Sustenance role. 17. Tables bellow defined the roles in details  [12]  : ROLES OPERATIONS MISSIONS TASKS COUNTER AIR OCA Airfield Attack To attack Aircraft on ground, Ammo and Fuel dump, C4I, Airfield facilities. Fighter Sweep Seek and destroy airborne aircraft, SEAD Destroy, neutralise, and degrade Radars and early warning systems, SAMs, AAA. DCA GAI Intercept, Identify, Shadow, Intervene and/or Force down, or Engage enemy aircraft. CAP Escorts Protect FGA aircraft or HVAA. Table 2: Examples of Counter Air roles and its operations and missions ROLES OPERATIONS MISSIONS TASKS FORCE APPLICATION STRATEGIC ATTACK To destroy, neutralise, degrade or disrupt; COG and Vital points. Destroy, neutralise and degrade HQ, key industries, and fielded forces and infrastructures. INTERDICTION To destroy, neutralise, degrade, disrupt or delay: LOC, War sustaining and military potential beyond the battlefield. Destroy, degrade, delay supply depot, HQ. OFFENSIVE AIR SUPPORT (OAS) BAI Destroy, neutralise or delay land forces, LOC, war machines, bridges. CAS MARITIME AIR OPERATIONS (MAO) ASuW Detect, identify, neutralise, destroy, ships, mine laying, ASW Detect, locate, track, submarine, mine laying. ARMED RECCE Opportunity targets within the battlefield. Locating and attacking personnel, material and facilities. Table 3: Examples of Force application roles and its operations and missions ROLES OPERATIONS MISSIONS TASKS FORCE ENHANCEMENT AIRLIFT Scheduled services. Movement of personnel and supplies. Airborne operations. Airdrop of personnel or cargo. Air logistic support. Distribute or recover personnel and materiel. Special air operations. Insertion and extraction of special forces, leaflet drop, voice broadcast. Aero-medical evacuation. MEDEVAC, CASEVAC, BODEVAC. AIR-TO-AIR REFUELLING (AAR) Towline AAR missions. Provide air-to-air refuelling. Trail AAR missions. AEW C Early warning and Surveillance. Provide information on enemy activity; provide air picture to AD forces C2, maritime surv. Control of air operations Control, monitor and direct OCA missions, manage AAR assets, coordinate rescue, assist in navigation. Weapons control. Control fighters, armed heli and GBAD. ELECTRONIC WARFARE (EW) ESM Search, intercept, identify and locate EM emissions. ECM Electronic jamming, neutralisation or deception of en C2, EM capabilities, acquisition and targeting and combat capabilities, launching active decoys like chaff and flares. EPM Spoofing, inserting erroneous information. ISR OPERATIONS Strategic recce. Strategic warning, provide info for RD and weapon systems acquisition. Operational recce. Weather and geographical recce, defining vulnerable and vital enemy elements. Tactical recce. BDA, combat assessment, tactical threat warning, target imagery. SPECIAL FORCE OPERATIONS Unconventional warfare, direct action, Combating terrorism, special recce, Civil affairs, PSYOPS, Information operations, Counter proliferation Collect intelligence, sabotage, espionage, rescue, target laser designation, path-finding. Table 4: Examples of Force Enhancement roles and its operations and missions ROLES OPERATIONS MISSIONS TASKS FORCE SUSTENANCE BASE DEFENCE OPS Base active air defence Defend from air attack (SHORAD, AAA). Base passive air defence CCD, dispersion, air raid warning, reconstitution, recuperation. Base security Anti: sabotage, espionage, insertion, infiltration. BASE SUPPORT OPS Training Receive, Induct, Special skills. Operations Provide ATC, airfield, rescue, fire fighting, wx and C4I services. Material Supply, RD, clothing, refuelling, ammunition transportation, rations. Maintenance Servicing, repair, testing, salvage, refurbish, manufacture. Administration Organising, Planning, Finance, Religious and Medical services, Welfare Discipline, Law and order and Accommodation. LOGISTICS OPERATIONS Material Acquisition, Movement, Distribution, Storage, Maintenance, Disposition. Personnel Movement, Evacuation, Medical care. Facilities Acquisition, Construction, Maintenance, Disposition, Operation. Services Acquisition or Furnishing. CSAR Search, Locate and Rescue. Downed Aircrew or Distressed personnel. Table 4: Examples of Force Sustenance roles and its operations and missions DISCUSSION TRAINING 18. The lesson learnt from the previous conflict prompt the Israelis to have better preparation for the invasion during the Beckaa Valley War. One of their main preparations was training. The main objective of the training was to get the personnel to know in dept of whats going to happen during the actual invasion. Massive training conducted at the borders involving numerous personnel and assets. Advancement in technology is key assets to IAF. However, in order to achieve success the IAF personnel need to understand and have experience in handling this equipment. 19. The IAF conducted extensive northern border training exercise which acted as rehearsal for incoming invasion. The exercise was conducted for the period of 13 months which include rehearsal of sorties against simulated SAM-6 target at northern desert. This countless rehearsals eliminate many problems that the planners did not see when drafting the invasion plan. This rehearsal also intended to create planed desensitization of the PLO and Syrians. Fearing the invasion is on the way the PLO and the Syrians reacted to first few training exercises. However due to the alert fatigue the PLO and Syrians ignored the following training exercises including the actual invasion. INTELLIGENT 20. Electronic Warfare (EW) involves action to control electromagnetic spectrum or directed energy; this action will impede the enemy capability or ability use the electromagnetic spectrum. Electronic signal Intelligent (ELINT) is a way to gather intelligent by use of electronic sensor. Signal identification is carried out by analyzing the collected parameters of specific signal to know its criteria, this data usually highly classified and protected. The gathered data usually pertinent to the enemy defense network especially the electronic part such as radar and surface-to-air missiles system. 21. As preparation for the invasion the IAF remotely piloted vehicles (RPV) overflew the area where the Syrians position their SAMs. These RPVs collected the intelligence which later used to develop the attack plan. The IAF use two assets in achieve the ELINT mission. The Mastiffs contained gyro stabilized television and high resolution camera which proven its effectiveness in photo reconnaissance. The Scouts is configured to carryout ELINT mission, picked up the radar emissions which enable the fingerprinting of the Syrians SAM radar. Both this assets able to deliver the information picked up directly to airborne or ground command post for immediate analysis. 22. Information gathered by the RPVs proven its effectiveness when the IAF manage to carry out their Suppression of Enemy Air Dense (SEAD) operation accurately and effectively. SURPRISE 23. Surprise depends on the initiative and is made more attainable by the versatility of the aerospace power. Where, when or how the enemy is struck is relatively independent of where and how and air force are postured Surprise is air power strongest advantage (air Power doctrine). 24. During Beckaa Valley war the IAF was able to achieve real surprise in the invasion because of Palestinians alert fatigue or cry wolf syndrome. The planed desensitization of PLO and Syrians worked when the IAF actually invaded Lebanon their ninth exercise and found that no real resistance from the PLO and Syrians. The PLO assume that, they had developed a deterrent to an Israelis invasion and the Syrians assumed that an attack to their SAM side is too risky for the IAF based on high losses that IAF suffered in previous conflict. Holding element of surprise in hand, along with good plan and precise intelligent IAF achieved success in Beckaa Valley war. COMMAND, CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION (C3) 25. C3 technology encompasses the capability to acquire, process and disseminate information across the force. The capability must be reliable, provide secure multilevel access, and be protected from enemy attacks. This will require advances not only in computing hardware and software but in the interconnecting fabric of communications. An important point to realize is that C3 is a human function. The method by which command and control is carried out is the C3 system, which serves to augment the cognitive functions of the individual engaged in command and control. A complex C3 system is an integrated combination of people, procedures, and hardware used to enhance the ability of the individual performing command and control. 26. IAF commanders proved that effective C3 is an important ingredient to successfully integrate combined armed effort. The IAF projected the role of C3 as the nervous system and the tactical commanders act as the brain. Two main assets that participate in C3 efforts was Israelis version of Boeing 707 and E-2C Hawkeyes. The Boeing 707 serves primarily as an electronic support measure (ESM) and electronic counter measure (ECM). ESM involves gathering of information while ECM involve in jamming and deception of enemy communication. The E-2C served as airborne command post, on this aircraft the tactical commanders was able to process real time intelligent, develop true picture of the tactical situation, coordinate its offensive assets with the proper timing, monitor the attack live and assess the effectiveness of the attack. SUPPRESSION OF ENEMY AIR DEFENSE 27. Once the training rehearsal completed, sufficient intelligent was gathered and setup of effective C3 is done the IAF went into action. To make a way for easy air battle its important to IAF to launch SEAD operation which is divided into 3 phases. 28. The first phase involve deception which stimulate the Syrians radar into action. The IAF launch RPVs over the target to re-verify the location of the SAM sides and their radar frequencies. The slow speed of the RPVs did not generate interest of the Syrians who thought another training rehearsal is ongoing. Combined with the ground forces the IAF launches Samsons and Delilahs decoys which received attention of Syrians because of the size and speed of this decoys similar to attacking aircraft when viewed on radar screen. IAF also launches these decoys in the direction of the sun to degrade Syrians optical guidance system which leaves them to relay on their radar. The Syrians took the bait as the launch their missiles towards the incoming decoys and increase their vulnerabilities to anti radiation missiles (ARM). The Boeing 707 sensor confirms the Syrians radar was fully activated and when they were on first reloads cycle the second phase was launched. 29. The second phase involved a lot of activities into effective harassment and suppression operation. The Boeing 707 now uses its ECM capability start jamming the Syrians radar. The jamming activites is not only carried out by the Boeing 707 it also involves ground based jammers and airborne jammers located on attach helicopters. Artillery fire with the aim of the targets adjusted by image from the RPVs started to harass the SAM operators. The SAM site also bombarded with 105mm Howitzer cannon and the same time the IAF launches chaff dispensing rockets to emphasis the jamming technique. With radar screen blinded and the operators harassed by the artillery fire, the IAF went into action. The F-4E launches Shrike and standard ARM missiles which homed in on the radar antenna. Once the attack was completed the tactical commanders was able to determine the remaining SAM that need to be destroyed. 30. The final phase of the SEAD operation concentrated on destroying the remaining Syrians SAM. E-2C Hawkeyes now vectored the IAF F-16s, A-4 and Kfir through undefended area to carry out attack on surviving radar vans and SA-6 missiles launchers. The IAF use multiple ammunition in this attack such standoff ammunitions, cluster bombs and general purpose bombs. The Syrians tried to fight back with launching the remaining missile, but due to the jamming effect their missiles lack of target acquisitions and target tracking the was ineffective towards IAF high maneuverable aircraft. THE AIR BATTLE. 31. The Israelis again utilize RPVs, Boeing 707 and E-2C Hawkeyes for the air battle. When the Syrians MiGs takes off from their air field the Israelis commander was able to watch live image feed through the RPVs loitering over head Syrian airfield. The E-2C Hawkeyes also was able to watch the MiGs takeoff using APS-125 radar which able to detect and track target up to 250 miles and ALR-59 passive detection system able to detect and classify target up to 500 miles. Using this advance technology the controller on board of the E-2C Hawkeyes vectored IAF F-15s and F-16s fighter to intercept the Syrian MiGs. The Syrians used Russian fighter tactic which highly dependent on ground controlled intercept (GCI). However, when the Syrians radar and communication line was jammed they were literally become sitting duck for IAF F-15s and F-16 fighter. LESSON LEARNED COUNTER AIR x. Counter air defined as the use of air power to deter, contain or defeat the enemy air forces. It assures the friendly use of the environment while denying its use to an enemy. Counter air roles can be divided into the following roles. x. Offensive counter air (OCA) To destroy, disrupts or confines enemy air power at their source and prevents them from conducting their own counter air campaign. x. Defensive counter air (DCA) Employ interceptors, escorts, armed helicopters or GBAD against enemy forces threatening to engage own forces or facilities or infiltrate our airspace. X. During the Beckaa Valley war the Israelis demonstrated how to apply counter air role in war. They showed how OCA able to achieve air superiority and open a getaway for DCA operation where they carried out the SEAD operation. FORCE APPLICATION x. Armed Reconnaissance is part of operation that carried out for force application roles. Mission is designed to for the purpose of locating and attacking targets of opportunity. It is a form of interdiction against opportunity targets in a designated area or along lines of communication within the battlefield. Control of the electronic spectrum showed how an integrated plan using RPVs, decoys, chaff and anti radiation missiles (ARM) can be used to terrorize the enemy. The ability to control electronic spectrum also will tremendously reduce the losses of friendly aircraft. FORCE ENHANCEMENT It multiplies the combat effectiveness of air and surface forces and increases the ability of these forces in non-combatant roles. The main operations applied at Beckaa Valley are Airborne Early Warning Command (AEWC) which employed using Boeing 707 and E-2C Hawkeye aircraft. Intelligent, surveillance and recce used the RPVs to carry out the mission. Employment of EW using various method, technique and equipment determine the success of IAF The Israelis demonstrated how the proper combination of air and land operation can cause devastating defeat of the enemy. Land based support through jammers, artillery, rocket, and missiles not only contribute but the cause huge damage to Syrian e SAMs. This action shows how important for the nation armed forces to concentrated all the weapon system available to achieve one goal. x. Israelis manage all the assets available to them through effective use of 3C; they demonstrated in any war the access or denial of C3 can make huge difference to determine the success of the mission. Having access to real-time intelligent benefited the Israelis to have better situational awareness and denial the Syrians of C3 create confusion within the Syrian forces and this is become the key for Israelis success at Beckaa Valley. x. Capability of having advance technology compare to your enemy will determine the success of any war. During Beckaa Valley the Israelis is well equipped with advance technology from the Americans. Even tough, the Syrians are equipped with the Russian technology but it is well known that the Russian was never fully transferred their full capability or technology to any country. The F-15 and F-16 is way much superior fighter compare to their adversary the Migs 21 and 23. Losing the C3 causing the MiGs lost direction and become practice target for the Israelis fighter. CONCLUSION It is easier and more effective to destroy the enemys aerial power by destroying his nests and eggs on the ground than to hunt for his flying birds in the air. Gen Giulio Douhet x. The Beckaa Valley war is an operation launched to achieve the Israelis national goal. To achieve this goals the Israelis demonstrated how a proper training, outstanding C3, intelligent gathering, control of electromagnetic spectrum and advance technology able determine the success of a war. RECOMMENDATION TRAINING x. As proven during Beckaa Valley war a proper training will determine the success of the war. RMAF has to plan the training according to the future needs especially paying particular attention into the electronic warfare. EW had to be implied to all officers and others ranks; starting from the basic training, EW should be included in training syllabus of recruits and cadet officers. x. Theory training must continue with practical training so that when the actual conflicts take place the personnel knows what to do. Currently RMAF are conducting EW training at Pusat Latihan Peperangan Khas (PLPE). However, the training which divided into basic and advance training lack of practical training. Lack off assets is a factor contributing factor for lack of practical training. RMAF had to revise the procurement plan so that it will include more EW assets and proper training can be carried out utilizing these equipments. ELECTRONIC WAR FARE SUPPORT CENTER (EWSC) x. EWSC was set up in 1995 to support the HAWK fleet EW operation. However the operations have not achieved its goal due to insufficient equipment. The F-18D has the capability of airborne self protection jammer but this equipment is only operating within the F-18 fleet. The latest procurement of sophisticated fighter the Su-30MKM incorporates the advance EW system; again this system is operating within the Sus. RMAF will not achieve success on EW if the current trend of buying is not changed. Every proposal of new EW system need to be studied thoroughly by EWSC and ensure the procurement can be integrated to all RMAF platforms x. EWSC must play more critical role during peace time. Analysis of data captured is critical for usage during conflict. Proper equipment has to be procured to support more advance function of EWCS. Interoperability between aircraft needs to be improved and RMAF had to make a clear requirement for the future needs so that it will tally by the way the war in future will be fought. ASSETS x. When we talk about assets for future conflict before we make any recommendation lets look of what our neighbors have; Country (Singapore) EW equipment Capability Ground SIGINT Operation Capable of comprehensively and systematically monitor communication out to 2,000 KM around the Island Airborne SIGINT Operation 2 x C-130 equipped with Israelis technology to carry out SIGINT, COMINT, ELINT mission 6 x Fokker-50 Maritime Enforcer Mark-2 maritime patrol aircraft equipped with modern SIGINT system Able to carry out EW mission from Australia, Andaman sea, west coast of Malaysia, Thailand and Myanmar. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) 40 X Searcher Mark II Israelis made Scout UAV Able to carry out task/mission that risk to human pilot, slow speed and low penetration will avoid radar detection and carry out SIGINT, ELINT and COMINT mission. Airborne Early Warning 4 X E-2C Hawkeyes Better coverage compare to ground radar and able to become airborne command post. Table 2; Singapore EW capability. x. Based on the table above can we determine where do we stand in term of EW? Are we able to defend our nation if we are under attack? These are some of the question that will hunt RMAF if we do happen to have conflict with our neighbors. Current RMAF assets are not capable of conducting EW campaign, even though we do have some EW elements on HAWK, F-18s and Su-30MKM but the usage is very limited. We recommend that RMAF to look into the future procurement list and start listing the following EW assets if we want to achieve success on EW conflict; x. UAV x. Airborne Early Warning Command System. x. Ground base or airborne based jammer system. X Protection of our communication line through Frequency hopping systems